The report
References
1
Office of National Statistics Health Statistics Quarterly (12) Winter 2001 "Stroke incidence and risk factors in a population based cohort study"; Scottish Stroke Care Audit 2005/2006.
2
Adamson, J., Beswick, A. and Ebrahim, S., “Stroke and Disability” in Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Vol 13, No 4, 2004
3
Reducing Brain Damage: Faster access to better stroke care, National Audit Office Report. Department of Health, 2005
4
Marini C, De Santis F, Sacco S et al. Contribution of atrial fibrillation to incidence and outcome of ischemic stroke: results from a population- based study. Stroke 2005;36:1115–19
5
Lamassa M, Di Carlo A, Pracucci G et al. Characteristics, outcome, and care of stroke associated with atrial fibrillation in Europe: data from a multicenter multinational hospital- based registry (The European Community Stroke Project). Stroke 2001;32:392–8
6
Wolfe CD. The impact of stroke. Br Med Bull 2000;56:275–86
7
White CL, Poissant L, Cote-LeBlanc G et al. Long-term caregiving after stroke: the impact on caregivers’ quality of life. J Neurosci Nurs 2006;38:354–60
8
Fuster V, Ryden LE, Cannom DS et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation): developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation 2006;114:e257–354
9
Lip GYH et al. Stroke 2002;33:238–44
10
Kirchhof P, Auricchio A, Bax J et al. Outcome parameters for trials in atrial fibrillation: recommendations from a consensus conference organized by the German Atrial Fibrillation Competence NETwork and the European Heart Rhythm Association. Europace 2007;9:1006–23
11
Go AS, Hylek EM, Phillips KA et al. Prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation in adults: national implications for rhythm management and stroke prevention: the AnTicoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) Study. JAMA 2001;285:2370–5
12
Miyasaka Y, Barnes ME, Gersh BJ et al. Secular trends in incidence of atrial fibrillation in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1980 to 2000, and implications on the projections for future prevalence. Circulation 2006;114:119–25
13
Gage BF, Waterman AD, Shannon W et al. Validation of clinical classification schemes for predicting stroke: results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation. JAMA 2001;285:2864–70
14
Briffa T, Hickling S, Knuiman M et al. Long term survival after evidence based treatment of acute myocardial infarction and revascularisation: follow-up of population based Perth MONICA cohort, 1984–2005. BMJ 2009;338:b36
15
Wittkowsky AK. Effective anticoagulation therapy: defining the gap between clinical studies and clinical practice. Am J Manag Care 2004;10:S297–306
16
Gladstone DJ, Bui E, Fang J et al. Potentially preventable strokes in high-risk patients with atrial fibrillation who are not adequately anticoagulated. Stroke 2009;40: 235–40
17
Hirsh J, Dalen J, Anderson DR et al. Oral anticoagulants: mechanism of action, clinical effectiveness, and optimal therapeutic range. Chest 2001;119:8S–21S
18
Turpie AG. Warfarin replacements: Mechanisms underlying emerging agents. Can J Cardiol 2008;24 Suppl C:56–60C
19
Frykman V, Beerman B, Ryden L et al. Management of atrial fibrillation: discrepancy between guideline recommendations and actual practice exposes patients to risk for complications. Eur Heart J 2001;22:1954–9
20
Man-Son-Hing M, Laupacis A. Anticoagulant-related bleeding in older persons with atrial fibrillation: physicians’ fears often unfounded. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:1580–6
21
Lip GY, Zarifis J, Watson RD et al. Physician variation in the management of patients with atrial fibrillation. Heart 1996;75:200–5
22
Daniel K, Wolfe CD, Busch MA et al. What are the social consequences of stroke for working-aged adults? A systematic review. Stroke 2009;40: e431–40
23
Bungard TJ, Ghali WA, Teo KK et al. Why do patients with atrial fibrillation not receive warfarin? Arch Intern Med 2000;160:41–6
24
Lloyd-Jones DM, Wang TJ, Leip EP et al. Lifetime risk for development of atrial fibrillation: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2004;110: 1042–6
25
Eric J. Feuer EJ, Wun LM, Boring CC et al. The Lifetime Risk of Developing Breast Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst (1993) 85 (11): 892-897
26
Friberg J, Buch P, Scharling H, et al. Rising rates of hospital admissions for atrial fibrillation. Epidemiology 2003;14:666–72.
27
Banach M, Mariscalco G, Urgulan M et al. The significance of preoperative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: preoperative atrial fibrillation – still underestimated opponent. Europace. 2009; 10:1266-70
28
McCabe PJ, Schumacher K, Barnason SA. Living with atrial fibrillation: a qualitative study. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2011 Jul-Aug;26(4):336-44.
29
Thrall G, Lip GY, Carroll D, Lane D. Depression, anxiety, and quality of life in patients with atrial fibrillation. Chest. 2007 Oct;132(4):1259-64. Epub 2007 Jul 23.
30
AF AWARE. AF AWARE cardiology groups call for greater awareness and better education on atrial fibrillation. Press release 2009. http://www.world- heart-federation.org/press/press- releases/news-details/article/af-aware- cardiology-groups-call-for-greater-awareness-and-better-education-on- atrial-fibrillation/. Accessed 16 June 2009
31
Lip GYH, Kamath S, Jafriet M al. Ethnic Differences in Patient Perceptions of Atrial Fibrillation and Anticoagulation Therapy. Stroke 2002;33:238–44
32
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Guideline 36 – Atrial fibrillation: the management of atrial fibrillation. http://www.nice. org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG036nice guideline.pdf. Accessed March 2009
33
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Understanding NICE guidance: Atrial fibrillation. http://www.nice.org. uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG036publicinfo. pdf. Accessed May 2009
34
1. American Heart Association. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: 2004 Update. Dallas, Tex: American Heart Association; 2003.
35
Aizer A, Gaziano JM, Cook NR et al. Relation of vigorous exercise to risk of atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 2009; 103:1572–7
36
Farrar MW, Bogart DB, Chapman SS et al. Atrial fibrillation in athletes. Mo Med 2006;103:297–301
37
A Ruigómez et al. Incidence of chronic atrial fibrillation in general practice and its treatment pattern. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2002 55: 358-363
38
Adamson, J., Beswick, A. and Ebrahim, S., “Stroke and Disability” in Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Vol 13, No 4, 2004
39
Easton JD, Saver JL, Albers GW et al. Definition and evaluation of transient ischemic attack: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council; Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; and the Interdisciplinary Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease. Stroke 2009;40:2276–93
40
Stroke Statistics 2009. British Heart Foundation and The Stroke Association.
41
Wolfe, C "The Burden of Stroke" in Wolfe, C, Rudd, T and Beech, R (eds) Stroke Services and Research (1996) The Stroke Association
42
2005 Coronary Heart Disease Statistics. British Heart Foundation
43
World Health Organization. The global burden of disease: 2004 update. http://www.who.int/ healthinfo/global_burden_disease/ 2004_report_update/en/index.html. Accessed March 2009
44
Boyle P, Ferlay J. Cancer incidence and mortality in Europe, 2004. Ann Oncol 2005;16:481–8
45
Gunarathne A, Patel JV, Gammon B et al. Ischemic stroke in South Asians. A review of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and ethnicity- related clinical features. Stroke 2009;40;e415–23
46
Mayo NE, Wood-Dauphinee S, Ahmed S et al. Disablement following stroke. Disabil Rehabil 1999;21: 258–68
47
Kappelle LJ, Adams HP Jr, Heffner ML et al. Prognosis of young adults with ischemic stroke. A long-term follow- up study assessing recurrent vascular events and functional outcome in the Iowa Registry of Stroke in Young Adults. Stroke 1994;25:1360–5
48
Spieler JF, Lanoe JL, Amarenco P. Socioeconomic aspects of postacute care for patients with brain infarction in France. Cerebrovasc Dis 2002;13: 132–41
49
Chandratheva A, Mehta Z, Geraghty OC et al. Population-based study of risk and predictors of stroke in the first few hours after a TIA. Neurology 2009;72:1941–7
50
Asplund K, Marké L-A, Terént A et al. Costs and gains in stroke prevention: European perspective. Cerebrovasc Dis 1993;3 (Suppl 1):34–42
51
Wattigney WA, Mensah GA, Croft JB. Increased atrial fibrillation mortality: United States, 1980–1998. Am J Epidemiol 2002;155:819–26
52
Schneck M, Lei X. Cardioembolic stroke. eMedicine Neurology 2008. http://emedicine.medscape.com/ article/1160370-overview. Accessed March 2009
53
Murphy R, Sackley CM, Miller P et al. Effect of experience of severe stroke on subjective valuations of quality of life after stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001;70:679–81
54
Gage BF, Cardinalli AB, Owens DK. The effect of stroke and stroke prophylaxis with aspirin or warfarin on quality of life. Arch Intern Med 1996;156:1829–36
55
Steger C, Pratter A, Martinek-Bregel M et al. Stroke patients with atrial fibrillation have a worse prognosis than patients without: data from the Austrian Stroke registry. Eur Heart J 2004;25:1734–40
56
Wolfe CD, Rudd AG. The Burden of Stroke White Paper: Raising awareness of the global toll of stroke-related disability and death. http://www.safestroke.org/Portals/ 10/FINAL%20Burden%20of%20 Stroke.pdf. Accessed March 2009
57
Allender S, Scarborough P, Peto V et al. European Cardiovascular Disease Statistics 2008 Edition. http://www. heartstats.org/uploads/documents% 5Cproof30NOV2007.pdf. Accessed March 2009
58
Grant JS, Glandon GL, Elliott TR et al. Caregiving problems and feelings experienced by family caregivers of stroke survivors the first month after discharge. Int J Rehabil Res 2004; 27:105–11
59
Young AJ, Rogers A, Addington-Hall JM. The quality and adequacy of care received at home in the last 3 months of life by people who died following a stroke: a retrospective survey of surviving family and friends using the Views of Informal Carers Evaluation of Services questionnaire. Health Soc Care Community 2008;16:419–28
60
Ferro JM. Cardioembolic stroke: an update. Lancet Neurol 2003;2:177–88
61
The Office of Health Economics Estimating the direct costs of atrial fibrillation to the NHS in the constituent countries of the UK and at SHA level in England, 2008 November 2009, London
62
Bruggenjurgen B, Rossnagel K, Roll S et al. The impact of atrial fibrillation on the cost of stroke: the Berlin acute stroke study. Value Health 2007;10: 137–43
63
Wolf PA, Abbott RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation: a major contrib- utor to stroke in the elderly. The Framingham Study. Arch Intern Med 1987;147:1561–4
64
Royal College of Physicians. Atrial fibrillation. National clinical guideline for management in primary and secondary care. National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions. http://www.nice.org.uk/ nicemedia/pdf/cg036fullguideline.pdf. Accessed March 2009
65
Aspirin for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med 2009;150:396–404
66
Murphy NF, Simpson CR, Jhund PS et al. A national survey of the prevalence, incidence, primary care burden and treatment of atrial fibrillation in Scotland. Heart 2007;93:606–12
67
Frost L, Vukelic Andersen L, Godtfredsen J et al. Age and risk of stroke in atrial fibrillation: evidence for guidelines? Neuroepidemiology 2007;28:109–15
68
Wolf PA, Abbott RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke: the Framingham Study. Stroke 1991;22:983–8
69
Truelsen T, Piechowski-Jozwiak B, Bonita R et al. Stroke incidence and prevalence in Europe: a review of available data. Eur J Neurol 2006;13:581–98
70
Cabin HS, Clubb KS, Hall C et al. Risk for systemic embolization of atrial fibrillation without mitral stenosis. Am J Cardiol 1990;65:1112–16
71
Stewart S, Hart CL, Hole DJ et al. A population-based study of the long- term risks associated with atrial fibrillation: 20-year follow-up of the Renfrew/Paisley study. Am J Med 2002;113:359–64
72
Jorgensen HS, Nakayama H, Reith J et al. Acute stroke with atrial fibrillation. The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Stroke 1996;27:1765–9
73
Lip GY, Lim HS. Atrial fibrillation and stroke prevention. Lancet Neurol 2007;6:981–93
74
Lip GY, Tse HF. Management of atrial fibrillation. Lancet 2007;370:604–18
75
Lip GY, Frison L, Halperin JL et al. Identifying patients at high risk for stroke despite anticoagulation: a comparison of contemporary stroke risk stratification schemes in an anticoagulated atrial fibrillation cohort. Stroke 2010;41:2731–8
76
Poli D, Lip GY, Antonucci E et al. Stroke risk stratification in a “real-world” elderly anticoagulated atrial fibrillation population. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2011;22:25–30
77
van Staa TP, Setakis E, Di Tanna GL et al. A comparison of risk stratification schema for stroke in 79884 atrial fibrillation patients in general practice. J Thromb Haemost 2010;9:39–48
78
Singer DE, Albers GW, Dalen JE et al. Antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th edition). Chest 2008;133:546S–92S
79
Lip GY, Nieuwlaat R, Pisters R et al. Refining clinical risk stratification for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation using a novel risk factor based approach: The Euro Heart Survey on Atrial Fibrillation. Chest 2010;137:263–72
80
Pisters R, Lane DA, Nieuwlaat R et al. A novel user-friendly score (HAS-BLED) to assess 1-year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation: the Euro Heart Survey. Chest 2010;138:1093–100
81
Olesen JB, Lip GY, Hansen ML. Validation of risk stratification schemes for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation: nationwide cohort study. BMJ 2011;342:d124. doi:10.1136/bmj.d124
82
Death rates from stroke, adults aged 65 to 74, 1969 to 2006, England. http://www.heartstats.org/temp/Figsp 1.1fspweb08.xls. Accessed March 2009
83
Ringleb PA, Bousser MG, Ford GA et al. Guidelines for management of ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack 2008. Cerebrovasc Dis 2008;25:457–507
84
Lu Y, Won KA, Nelson BJ et al. Characteristics of the amiodarone- warfarin interaction during long-term follow-up. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2008;65:947–52
85
Singer DE, Albers GW, Dalen JE et al. Antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest 2004;126:429S–56S
86
Hart RG, Pearce LA, Aguilar MI. Meta- analysis: antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med 2007;146:857–67
87
Hart RG, Benavente O, McBride R et al. Antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 1999;131:492–501
88
Risk factors for stroke and efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation. Analysis of pooled data from five randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 1994;154:1449–57
89
Hart RG, Pearce LA, Miller VT et al. Cardioembolic vs. noncardioembolic strokes in atrial fibrillation: frequency and effect of antithrombotic agents in the stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation studies. Cerebrovasc Dis 2000;10:39–43
90
Miller VT, Pearce LA, Feinberg WM et al. Differential effect of aspirin versus warfarin on clinical stroke types in patients with atrial fibrillation. Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. Neurology 1996;46: 238–40
91
Hylek EM. Contra: ‘Warfarin should be the drug of choice for thrombo- prophylaxis in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation’. Caveats regarding use of oral anticoagulant therapy among elderly patients with atrial fibrillation. Thromb Haemost 2008; 100:16–17
92
Go AS, Hylek EM, Chang Y et al. Anticoagulation therapy for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: how well do randomized trials translate into clinical practice? JAMA 2003;290:2685–92
93
Burton C, Isles C, Norrie J et al. The safety and adequacy of antithrombotic therapy for atrial fibrillation: a regional cohort study. Br J Gen Pract 2006;56:697–702
94
Currie CJ, Jones M, Goodfellow J et al. Evaluation of survival and ischaemic and thromboembolic event rates in patients with non-valvar atrial fibrillation in the general population when treated and untreated with warfarin. Heart 2006;92:196–200
95
Monte S, Macchia A, Pellegrini F et al. Antithrombotic treatment is strongly underused despite reducing overall mortality among high-risk elderly patients hospitalized with atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 2006;27: 2217–23
96
Abdelhafiz AH, Wheeldon NM. Use of resources and cost implications of stroke prophylaxis with warfarin for patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 2003;1:53–60
97
Lightowlers S, McGuire A. Cost- effectiveness of anticoagulation in nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation in the primary prevention of ischemic stroke. Stroke 1998;29:1827–32
98
Baigent C, Blackwell L, Collins R et al. Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet 2009; 373:1849–60
99
Szucs TD, Bramkamp M. Pharmaco- economics of anticoagulation therapy for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: a review. J Thromb Haemost 2006;4:1180–5
100
Appleby J, Devlin N, Parkin D. NICE’s cost effectiveness threshold. BMJ 2007;335:358–9
101
Catella-Lawson F. Vascular biology of thrombosis: platelet-vessel wall interactions and aspirin effects. Neurology 2001;57:S5–7
102
Dorsch MP, Lee JS, Lynch DR et al. Aspirin resistance in patients with stable coronary artery disease with and without a history of myocardial infarction. Ann Pharmacother 2007;41:737–41
103
Patel D, Moonis M. Clinical implications of aspirin resistance. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2007; 5:969–75
104
Palikhe NS, Kim SH, Park HS. What do we know about the genetics of aspirin intolerance? J Clin Pharm Ther 2008; 33:465–72
105
Hughes M, Lip GY. Stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation: a systematic review of stroke risk factors, risk stratification schema and cost effectiveness data. Thromb Haemost 2008;99:295–304
106
Winter Y, Wolfram C, Schaeg M et al. Evaluation of costs and outcome in cardioembolic stroke or TIA. J Neurol 2009;256:954–63
107
van Walraven C, Hart RG, Singer DE et al. Oral anticoagulants vs aspirin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: an individual patient meta-analysis. JAMA 2002;288:2441–8
108
Sato H, Ishikawa K, Kitabatake A et al. Low-dose aspirin for prevention of stroke in low-risk patients with atrial fibrillation: Japan Atrial Fibrillation Stroke Trial. Stroke 2006;37:447–51
109
Gage BF, Cardinalli AB, Albers GW et al. Cost-effectiveness of warfarin and aspirin for prophylaxis of stroke in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. JAMA 1995;274:1839–45
110
Lip GY, Frison L, Grind M. Effect of hypertension on anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 2007;28:752–9
111
Du X, Ninomiya T, de Galan B et al. Risks of cardiovascular events and effects of routine blood pressure lowering among patients with type 2 diabetes and atrial fibrillation: results of the ADVANCE study. Eur Heart J 2009;30:1128–35
112
Nieuwlaat R, Olsson SB, Lip GY et al. Guideline-adherent antithrombotic treatment is associated with improved outcomes compared with under- treatment in high-risk patients with atrial fibrillation. The Euro Heart Survey on Atrial Fibrillation. Am Heart J 2007; 153:1006–12
113
NICE and the National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions. NICE clinical guideline 36: The management of atrial fibrillation. June 2006. http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/10982/30052/30052.pdf
114
National institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. http://www.nice.org.uk/aboutnice/whatwedo/niceandthenhs/nice_and_the_nhs.jsp
115
Lip GY, Rudolf M. The new NICE guideline on atrial fibrillation management. Heart 2007;93:23
116
The Task Force for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology. Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation. European Heart Journal (2010) 31, 2369–2429
117
Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. Risk factors for stroke and efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation. Analysis of pooled data from five randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 1994;154:1449–57
118
Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Study. Final results. Circulation 1991;84:527–39
119
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Atrial fibrillation: the management of atrial fibrillation. Costing report; Implementing NICE guidance in England. July 2006. www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/10982/30061/30061.pdf
120
Frykman V, Beerman B, Ryden L et al. Management of atrial fibrillation: discrepancy between guideline recommendations and actual practice exposes patients to risk for complications. Eur Heart J 2001;22:1954–9
121
Deplanque D, Leys D, Parnetti L et al. Stroke prevention and atrial fibrillation: reasons leading to an inappropriate management. Main results of the SAFE II study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2004;57:798–806
122
Friberg L, Hammar N, Ringh M et al. Stroke prophylaxis in atrial fibrillation: who gets it and who does not? Report from the Stockholm Cohort- study on Atrial Fibrillation (SCAF-study). Eur Heart J 2006;27: 1954–64
123
Nabauer M, Gerth A, Limbourg T et al. The Registry of the German Competence NETwork on Atrial. Fibrillation: patient characteristics and initial management. Europace 2009;11:423–34
124
Meiltz A, Zimmermann M, Urban P et al. Atrial fibrillation management by practice cardiologists: a prospective survey on the adherence to guidelines in the real world. Europace 2008; 10:674–80
125
Bungard TJ, Ghali WA, McAlister FA et al. Physicians’ perceptions of the benefits and risks of warfarin for patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. CMAJ 2001;165:301–2
126
NHS Employers. Quality and Outcomes Framework guidance for GMS contract 2009/10. March 2009. http://www.nhsemployers.org/Aboutus/Publications/Documents/QOF_Guidance_2009_final.pdf
127
Baruch L, Gage BF, Horrow J et al. Can patients at elevated risk of stroke treated with anticoagulants be further risk stratified? Stroke 2007;38: 2459–63
128
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Consultation on potential new indicators for the 2012/13 Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) 28/2/2011. http://www.nice.org.uk/media/6BC/B1/QOFConsultation.pdf. Accessed 8/7/2011.
129
Mant J, Hobbs FD, Fletcher K et al. Warfarin versus aspirin for stroke prevention in an elderly community population with atrial fibrillation (the Birmingham Atrial Fibrillation Treatment of the Aged Study, BAFTA): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007;370:493–503
130
Anderson DR, Gardner MJ, Putnam W et al. Population-based evaluation of the management of antithrombotic therapy for atrial fibrillation. Can J Cardiol 2005;21:257–66
131
Bravata DM, Rosenbeck K, Kancir S et al. The use of warfarin in veterans with atrial fibrillation. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2004;4:18
132
Maeda K, Sakai T, Hira K et al. Physicians’ attitudes toward anti- coagulant therapy in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. Intern Med 2004;43:553–60
133
Vasishta S, Toor F, Johansen A et al. Stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: physicians’ attitudes to anticoagulation in older people. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2001;33:219–26
134
Hart RG, Aguilar MI. Anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation: selected controversies including optimal anticoagulation intensity, treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2008;25:26–32
135
Choudhry NK, Anderson GM, Laupacis A et al. Impact of adverse events on prescribing warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: matched pair analysis. BMJ 2006;332:141–5
136
Tversky A, Kahneman D. Judgment under uncertainty: heuristics and biases. Science 1974;185:1124–31
137
Feinstein AR. The ‘chagrin factor’ and qualitative decision analysis. Arch Intern Med 1985;145:1257–9
138
Devereaux PJ, Anderson DR, Gardner MJ et al. Differences between perspectives of physicians and patients on anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation: observational study. BMJ 2001;323:1218−22
139
Hobbs FD, Fitzmaurice DA, Mant J et al. A randomised controlled trial and cost-effectiveness study of systematic screening (targeted and total population screening) versus routine practice for the detection of atrial fibrillation in people aged 65 and over. The SAFE study. Health Technol Assess 2005;9:1–74
140
Lip GY, Kamath S, Jafri M et al. Ethnic differences in patient perceptions of atrial fibrillation and anticoagulation therapy: the West Birmingham Atrial Fibrillation Project. Stroke 2002;33: 238–42
141
AntiCoagulation Europe. It’s about time campaign. http://www.anti coagulationeurope.org/abouttime survey.html. Accessed March 2009
142
Dolan G, Smith LA, Collins S et al. Effect of setting, monitoring intensity and patient experience on anticoagulation control: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Curr Med Res Opin 2008;24:1459–72
143
McBride D, Bruggenjurgen B, Roll S et al. Anticoagulation treatment for the reduction of stroke in atrial fibrillation: a cohort study to examine the gap between guidelines and routine medical practice. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2007;24:65–72
144
Trummer U, Mueller U, Nowak P et al. Does physician−patient communication that aims at empowering patients improve clinical outcome? A case study. Patient Educ Couns 2006;61:299–306
145
Beyth RJ, Quinn L, Landefeld CS. A multicomponent intervention to prevent major bleeding complications in older patients receiving warfarin. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2000;133:687–95
146
Heneghan C et al. Review: self testing and self management increase the benefits and reduce the harms of anticoagulant therapy. The Lancet, 2006; 367: 404-11
147
MHRA Guidance, 2004 www.mhra.gov.uk
148
Gardiner C et al. Patient self-testing is a reliable and acceptable alternative to laboratory INR monitoring. British Journal of Haematology. 2004; 128: 242-247.
149
Fitzmaurice DA et al. Self-management of oral anticoagulation: randomised trial. British Medical Journal. 2005; 331(7524): 1057.
150
Ansell J, Hollowell J, Pengo V et al. Descriptive analysis of the process and quality of oral anticoagulation management in real-life practice in patients with chronic non-valvular atrial fibrillation: the international study of anticoagulation management (ISAM). J Thromb Thrombolysis 2007;23:83–91
151
Lip GY, Agnelli G, Thach AA et al. Oral anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation: A pan-European patient survey. Eur J Intern Med 2007;18:202–8
152
Macik BG. The future of anticoagulation clinics. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2003;16:55–9
153
Rodgers H, Sudlow M, Dobson R et al. Warfarin anticoagulation in primary care: a regional survey of present practice and clinicians’ views. Br J Gen Pract 1997;47:309–10
154
Chiquette E, Amato MG, Bussey HI. Comparison of an anticoagulation clinic with usual medical care: anticoagulation control, patient outcomes, and health care costs. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:1641–7
155
Taborski U, Wittstamm FJ, Bernardo A. Cost-effectiveness of self-managed anticoagulant therapy in Germany. Semin Thromb Hemost 1999;25:103–7
156
Murray E, Fitzmaurice D, McCahon D et al. Training for patients in a randomised controlled trial of self management of warfarin treatment. BMJ 2004;328:437–8
157
Poller L, Keown M, Ibrahim S et al. A multicentre randomised clinical endpoint study of PARMA 5 computer-assisted oral anticoagulant dosage. Br J Haematol 2008;143: 274–83
158
Poller L, Keown M, Ibrahim S et al. An international multicenter randomized study of computer-assisted oral anti- coagulant dosage vs. medical staff dosage. J Thromb Haemost 2008; 6:935–43
159
Groene O, Lombarts M, Klazinga N et al. Is patient-centredness in European hospitals related to existing quality improvement strategies? Analysis of a cross-sectional survey (MARQuIS study). Qual Saf Health Care 2009;18:i44–i50
160
Ellis S. The patient-centred care model: holistic/multiprofessional/ reflective. Br J Nurs 1999;8:296–301
161
Gage BF, Cardinalli AB, Owens DK. Cost-effectiveness of preference- based antithrombotic therapy for patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Stroke 1998;29:1083–91
162
Biem HJ, Hadjistavropoulos H, Morgan D et al. Breaks in continuity of care and the rural senior transferred for medical care under regionalisation. Int J Integr Care 2003;3:e03
163
van Bemmel JH, van Ginneken AM, Stam B et al. Virtual electronic patient records for shared care. Stud Health Technol Inform 1998;52 Pt 1: suppl 37–41
164
van Walraven C, Seth R, Austin PC et al. Effect of discharge summary availability during post-discharge visits on hospital readmission. J Gen Intern Med 2002;17:186–92
165
Turpie AG. New oral anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 2007; 29:155–65
166
Turpie AG. Oral, direct factor Xa inhibitors in development for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic diseases. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007;27:1238–47
167
EMEA. European Public Assessment Report for Eliquis. http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/human/medicines/002148/human_med_001449.jsp&murl=menus/medicines/medicines.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058001d125#
168
Patel MR for ROCKET AF Investigators. Rivaroxaban-once daily, oral, direct factor Xa inhibition compared with vitamin K antagonism for prevention of stroke and Embolism Trial in Atrial Fibrillation: rationale and design of the ROCKET AF study. Am Heart J 2010;159:340–7
169
Mahaffey KW, Fox KAA and ROCKET AF Executive Steering Committee. Stroke prevention using the oral direct Factor Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban compared with warfarin in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (ROCKET AF). Presented at AHA 2010. http://sciencenews.myamerican heart. org/sessions/late_breaking.shtml#rocket. Accessed March 2011
170
European Medicines Agency Evaluation of Medicines for HumanUse. CHMP Assessment Report for Xarelto. http://www.emea.europa. eu/humandocs/PDFs/EPAR/xarelto/ H-944-en6.pdf. Accessed March 2009
171
ClinicalTrials.gov. http://www.clinical trials.gov. Accessed May 2009
172
Weitz JI. Randomized, parallel group, multicenter, multinational study evaluating safety of DU-176b compared with warfarin in subjects with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. 50th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Hematology, 5–9 December 2008, San Francisco: Abstract 33
173
European Medicines Agency. Pradaxa Annex 1 Summary of Product Characteristics. http://www.emea. europa.eu/humandocs/PDFs/EPAR/ pradaxa/emea-combined-h829en.pdf. Accessed November 2009
174
Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2009;361:10.1056/nejmoa 0905561
175
Reddy VY, Holmes D, Shephal K et al. Safety of Percutaneous Left Atrial Appendage Closure: Results from the Watchman Left Atrial Appendage System for Embolic Protection in Patients With AF (PROTECT AF) Clinical Trial and the Continued Access Registry Circulation DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.976449. Jan 17, 2011
176
ClinicalTrials.gov. RELY-ABLE long term multi-center extension of dabigatran treatment in patients with atrial fibrillation Who Completed RE-LY Trial. 2010. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/ NCT00808067. Accessed February 2011
177
The ACTIVE Investigators. Effect of clopidogrel added to aspirin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2009;360:2066–78
178
Iqbal MB, Taneja AK, Lip GY et al. Recent developments in atrial fibrillation. BMJ 2005;330:238–43
179
Lee R, Kruse J, McCarthy PM. Surgery for atrial fibrillation. Nat Rev Cardiol 2009;6:505–13
180
Sick PB, Schuler G, Hauptmann KE et al. Initial worldwide experience with the WATCHMAN left atrial appendage system for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:1490–5
181
AtriCure reports first human implant of the Cosgrove–Gillinov left atrial appendage occlusion system. www.bio-medicine.org. Accessed October 2009
182
Holmes DR, Reddy VY, Turi ZG et al. Percutaneous closure of the left atrial appendage versus warfarin therapy for prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2009;374: 534–42
183
McCabe DJ, Kinsella JA, Tobin WO. Left atrial appendage occlusion in non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Lancet 2009;374:504–6
184
Khoo CW, Tay KH, Shantsila E et al. Novel oral anticoagulants. Int J Clin Pract 2009;63:630–41
185
European Medicines Agency. Clopidogrel Annex 1 Summary of Product Characteristics. http://www.emea.europa.eu/human docs/PDFs/EPAR/clopidogrelbms/ H-974-PI-en.pdf. Accessed March 2009
186
PR Newswire. Largest registry to date to provide the first-ever picture of the real global burden of atrial fibrillation (AF). Barcelona, Spain, 30 August 2009. http://pharmalicensing.com. Accessed October 2009
187
Siddique A, Butt M, Shantsila E et al. New antiplatelet drugs: beyond aspirin and clopidogrel. Int J Clin Pract 2009;63:776–89
188
Hohnloser SH, Crijns HJ, van Eickels M et al. Effect of dronedarone on cardiovascular events in atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2009; 360:668–78
189
Connolly SJ, Crijns HJ, Torp-Pedersen C et al. Analysis of stroke in ATHENA: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-arm trial to assess the efficacy of dronedarone 400 mg BID for the prevention of cardiovascular hospitalization or death from any cause in patients with atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter. Circulation 2009;120:1174–80
190
Nabauer M, Gerth A, Limbourg T et al. The Registry of the German Competence NETwork on Atrial Fibrillation: patient characteristics and initial management. Europace 2009;11:423–34
191
Kirchhof P, Bax J, Blomstrom- Lundquist C et al. Early and comprehensive management of atrial fibrillation: executive summary of the proceedings from the 2nd AFNET- EHRA consensus conference ‘research perspectives in AF’. Eur Heart J 2009;doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehp235
192
Kakkar AK, Lip GYH, Breithardt G. The importance of real-world registries in the study of AF-related stroke. http://www.theheart.org/documents/ sitestructure/en/content/programs/ 1003241/transcript.pdf. Accessed October 2009
193
Kannel WB, Wolf PA, Benjamin EJ et al. Prevalence, incidence, prognosis, and predisposing conditions for atrial fibrillation: population-based estimates. Am J Cardiol 1998; 82:2N–9N
194
Lin LY, Lee CH, Yu CC, Tsai CT, Lai LP, Hwang JJ, Chen PC, Lin JL. Risk factors and incidence of ischemic stroke in Taiwanese with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. A nationwide database analysis. Atherosclerosis 2011 doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.03.033
195
Lip GY, Beevers DG, Singh SP et al. ABC of atrial fibrillation. Aetiology, pathophysiology, and clinical features. BMJ 1995;311:1425–8
196
Ghatnekar O, Glader EL. The effect of atrial fibrillation on stroke-related inpatient costs in Sweden: a 3-year analysis of registry incidence data from 2001. Value Health 2008; 11:862–8
197
Rasmussen LH, Larsen TB, Due KM, Tjønneland A, Overvad K, Lip GY. Impact of vascular disease in predicting stroke, and death in patients with atrial fibrillation: The Danish Diet, Cancer and Health (DCH) cohort study. J Thromb Haemost. 2011 Apr 19. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04308.x
198
Cairns JA, Connolly S, McMurtry S, Stephenson M, Talajic M; CCS Atrial Fibrillation Guidelines Committee. Canadian Cardiovascular Society atrial fibrillation guidelines 2010: prevention of stroke and systemic thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation and flutter. Can J Cardiol. 2011 Jan-Feb;27(1):74-90.
199
Gudbjartsson DF, Arnar DO, Helgadottir A et al. Variants conferring risk of atrial fibrillation on chromosome 4q25. Nature 2007;448:353–7
200
Lip GY, Frison L, Halperin JL, Lane DA. Comparative validation of a novel risk score for predicting bleeding risk in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation: the HAS-BLED (Hypertension, Abnormal Renal/Liver Function, Stroke, Bleeding History or Predisposition, Labile INR, Elderly, Drugs/Alcohol Concomitantly) score. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 Jan 11;57(2):173-80. Epub 2010 Nov 24.
201
Olesen JB, Lip GY, Hansen PR, Lindhardsen J, Ahlehoff O, Andersson C, Weeke P, Hansen ML, Gislason GH, Torp-Pedersen C. Bleeding risk in 'real world' patients with atrial fibrillation: comparison of two established bleeding prediction schemes in a nationwide cohort. J Thromb Haemost. 2011 Aug;9(8):1460-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04378.x.
202
Olesen JB, Lip GY, Lindhardsen J, Lane DA, Ahlehoff O, Hansen ML, Raunsø J, Tolstrup JS, Hansen PR, Gislason GH, Torp-Pedersen C. Risks of thromboembolism and bleeding with thromboprophylaxis in patients with atrial fibrillation: A net clinical benefit analysis using a 'real world' nationwide cohort study. Thromb Haemost. 2011 Jul 20;106(4). [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 2178933
203
Potpara TS, Lip GHY. Lone atrial fibrillation: what is known and what is to come. Int J Clin Pract. 2011 Apr;65(4):446-57. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2010.02618.x. Epub 2011 Jan 11